-er

后缀
中文释义
英 /ə/    美 /ɚ/|[ɹ̩]

英文释义

后缀
  1. A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun. morpheme
    — read + -er → reader
  2. Junior, child, younger person. (Attached to a name, usually one syllable of the given name.) Chinese,morpheme
    — Li’er said hello to his father.
  3. A suffix creating adjectives from verbs, indicating aptitude, proneness, or tendency toward a specified action dialectal,morpheme
    — clive + -er → cliver (“apt to cleave or adhere to, tenacious, expert as seizing”)
  4. Used to form slang or colloquial equivalents of words. morpheme
    — association + -er → soccer (“association football”)
  5. Used to form diminutives. morpheme
    — shive + -er → shiver
  6. Instance of (the verbal action); used to form nouns from verbs. morpheme
    — disclaim + -er → disclaimer
  7. Frequently; used to form frequentative verbs. morpheme
    — twitter, clamber, bicker, mutter, wander, flutter, flicker, slither, smother, sputter
  8. More; used to form the comparative. morpheme
  9. More; used to form the comparative. morpheme
    — hard + -er → harder
  10. Suffix used to form the plural of a small number of English nouns. idiomatic,morpheme,obsolete
    — childer, calver, lamber, linder ("loins")
  11. A person or thing to which the root verb is done or can be done satisfactorily. informal,morpheme
    — look + -er → looker (“an attractive person”)
  12. A person whose occupation is the root noun; (more broadly, occasionally with adjectives) a person characterized by the root. morpheme
    — astrology + -er → astrologer
  13. A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies. morpheme
    — six + -er → sixer
  14. Used to form nouns shorter than more formal synonyms. morpheme,slang
    — percent + -er → percenter (“commission agent”)
  15. A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement. morpheme
    — birth + -er → birther
  16. A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose. morpheme
    — bacon + -er → baconer (“pig raised for bacon”)
  17. Indicates a correspondence or coincidence between the action or condition indicated by the root and the noun being described. morpheme,slang
    — piss + -er → pisser (“a hilariously funny event or situation”)
  18. Suffix denoting a resident or inhabitant of (the place denoted by the proper noun); used to form a demonym. morpheme
    — New York + -er → New Yorker
  19. Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region. morpheme
    — island + -er → islander

词形变化

-ers plural -'er alternative

词汇关系

相关词
-eer

词源

词源 1
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Italic *-āzijos
Latin -āriusnom.
Latin -āriusbor.
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
Old English -ere
Middle English -ere
English -er
Inherited from Middle English -ere, -er, from Old English -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, usually thought to have been borrowed from Latin -ārius; see Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz for an alternate theory. Reinforced by Middle English -er, from Old French -ier, also from Latin -ārius; compare the synonymous but unrelated Old French -or, -eor (Anglo-Norman variant -our), from Latin -(ā)tor, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr.
The "inhabitant" sense is sometimes connected to Middle English -wær(r)e, -ware, from Old English -ware (suffix denoting residency), from Proto-West Germanic *-wari, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“inhabitant”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to protect”).
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian -er, West Frisian -er, Dutch -er, German Low German -er, German -er, Danish -er, Swedish -are and Icelandic -ari.
词源 2
From Middle English -re, -er, from Old English -ru (plural suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-izō (plural suffix). Cognate with Dutch -er (plural ending), German -er (plural ending). See also -ren.
词源 3
From Middle English -ere, from Old English -ra, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô (a derivative of Etymology 4, below); related to superlative -est.
词源 4
From Middle English -er, from Old English -or, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōʀ, Proto-Germanic *-ōz.
词源 5
From Middle English -eren, -ren, -rien, from Old English -erian, -rian, from Proto-West Germanic *-rōn, *-iʀōn, from Proto-Germanic *-rōną or *-izōną. Cognate with West Frisian -erje, Dutch -eren, German -eren, -ern, Danish -re, Swedish -ra.
词源 6
From Middle English -er, from Anglo-Norman -er, Old French -er, the infinitive verbal ending.
词源 7
From Middle English -er, -ere (diminutive suffix). Compare -el.
词源 8
Attested in the UK since the 19th century. Originally Rugby School slang. Later adopted by Oxford University and then wider British society.
词源 9
From Middle English -er, from Old English -er, -or, from Proto-Germanic *-raz. Compare -le.
词源 10
From Mandarin -兒 /-儿 (-ér).
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