foul

名词 n. 动词 v. 形容词 adj.
中文释义
发音 foul

英文释义

名词 n.
  1. A breach of the rules of a game, especially one involving inappropriate contact with an opposing player in order to gain an advantage; for example, tripping someone up in soccer, or contact of any kind in basketball.
    — A second Norwich goal in four minutes arrived after some dire Newcastle defending. Gosling gave the ball away with a sloppy back-pass, allowing Crofts to curl in a cross that the unmarked Morison powered in with a firm, 12-yard header. Gosling's plight worsened when he was soon shown a red card for a foul on Martin.
  2. A (usually accidental) contact between a bowler and the lane before the bowler has released the ball.
  3. A foul ball, a ball which has been hit outside of the base lines.
    — Jones hit a foul up over the screen.
动词 v.
  1. To make dirty. transitive
    — to foul the face or hands with mire
  2. To besmirch. transitive
    — He's fouled his reputation.
  3. To obstruct, block, or otherwise interfere with (something), for example by clogging (a drain, gun barrel, chimney, etc) or by being in the way of (a gunshot, etc). intransitive,transitive
    — The hair has fouled the drain.
  4. To entangle. transitive
    — The kelp has fouled the prop.
  5. To make make a play, such as a strong contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage, that is deemed by the referee to have contravened the rules. transitive
    — Smith fouled him hard.
  6. To commit a foul. intransitive
    — Smith fouled within the first minute of the quarter.
  7. To hit outside of the baselines. transitive
    — Jones fouled the ball off the facing of the upper deck.
  8. To hit a ball outside of the baselines. intransitive
    — Jones fouled for strike one.
  9. To become clogged. intransitive
    — The drain fouled.
  10. To become entangled. intransitive
    — The prop fouled on the kelp.
  11. To come into contact or collide with.
    — The full capacity, however, requires a hopper of a size that takes the wagon body up to 11ft 11½in above rail level, which would foul many existing colliery screens.
形容词 adj.
  1. Covered with, or containing unclean matter; dirty.
    — This cloth is too foul to use as a duster.
  2. Obscene, vulgar or abusive.
    — The rascal spewed forth a series of foul words.
  3. Detestable, unpleasant, loathsome.
    — He has a foul set of friends.
  4. Disgusting, repulsive; causing disgust.
    — This foul food is making me retch.
  5. Ugly; homely; poor. obsolete
    — Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares.
  6. Unpleasant, stormy or rainy. (of the weather)
    — Some foul weather is brewing.
  7. Dishonest or not conforming to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.
    — Foul play is not suspected.
  8. Entangled and therefore restricting free movement, not clear.
    — We've got a foul anchor.
  9. (with "of") Positioned on, in, or near enough to (a specified area) so as to obstruct it.
    — The bus had stopped just foul of the north track at the Erindale Station Road public railway crossing […] With the bus stationary, but still foul of the north track, the train struck one of its front mirrors.
  10. Outside of the base lines; in foul territory.
    — Jones hit foul ball after foul ball.

词形变化

fouler comparative foulest superlative foule alternative,obsolete fouls present,singular,third-person fouling participle,present fouled participle,past fouled past foule alternative,obsolete fouls plural foule alternative,obsolete

词汇关系

衍生词
afoul antifoul befoul biofouling by fair means or foul cry foul fall foul foul anchor foul berth foul bill of health foulbrood foul feeder foulish foul language foul line foully foul marten foulmouth foul-mouthed foulmouthed foulness foul play foul pole foul shot foul-smelling foul-spoken foul-tempered foul tick foul tip foul-tongued foul trouble foul wind in one foul swoop make foul water nonfoul nonfouling unfoul biofoul foulable foul one's own nest foul out foul up foul-up overfoul unfouled offensive foul party foul personal foul professional foul technical foul
相关词
foul fish

词源

词源 1
Inherited from Middle English ffoul, foul, foull, fowel, fowle, fuyle, voul, vul, from Old English fūl (“foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūl, from Proto-Germanic *fūlaz (“foul, rotten”), from Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“foul, rotten”).
Cognates
Cognate with Central Franconian fuul (“putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy”), Cimbrian baul, vaul (“putrid, rotten”), Dutch vuil (“dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal”), German faul (“foul, putrid, rotten; lazy”), Yiddish פֿױל (foyl, “putrid; lazy”), Danish ful (“nasty, ugly”), Icelandic fúll (“foul, rotten, sullen”), Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk ful (“clever, sly”), and Swedish ful (“ugly; bad, dirty”), Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls, “fetid, foul, putrid”), and through Indo-European, with Latin puter (“decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling”), Greek πύο (pýo), πύον (pýon, “pus”), Albanian fëlliq (“to make dirty, sully”), Latvian pūt (“to rot”), Lithuanian pūti (“to rot”), Armenian փուտ (pʻut, “rottenness”), Persian پوده (pude, “rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow”), Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, “to become foul; to stink”). More at putrid.
Ancient Greek φαῦλος (phaûlos, “bad”) is a false cognate inasmuch as it is not from the same etymon, instead being cognate to few.
词源 2
Inherited from Middle English foulen, fulen, from Old English fūlian (“to become foul; rot; decay”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn, from Proto-Germanic *fūlāną (“to rot; decay”).
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